![]() These examples of pressure overload are considered the main cause of heart failure in the clinical setting. ![]() This is the case in conditions of arterial hypertension, 2 aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, 3 or following experimental aortic constriction. Thus, if after an initial phase of compensation, the growth response leads to contractile dysfunction, ventricular dilation, and heart failure, hypertrophy is considered pathological. Cardiac hypertrophy can broadly be divided into pathological or physiological hypertrophy. Increased workload augments ventricular wall stress, 1 and the hypertrophic response is an adaptation to these changes in wall stress so as to maintain cardiac output. We suggest that mitochondrial adaptations to pathological and physiological hypertrophy are distinct, and we shall review potential mechanisms that might account for these differences.Ĭardiac hypertrophy predominantly develops in response to increased workload, and less commonly in response to genetic mutations or exposure to growth factors. Here, we review mitochondrial alterations in pathological and physiological hypertrophy. Significant changes in the expression of nuclear and mitochondrially encoded transcripts that impact mitochondrial function as well as altered mitochondrial proteome composition and mitochondrial energetics have been described in various forms of cardiac hypertrophy. Given the close relationship between workload and energy demand, any form of cardiac hypertrophy will impact the energy generation by mitochondria, which are the key organelles for cellular ATP production. Although divergent signalling mechanisms may lead to these distinct patterns of hypertrophy, there is some overlap. If the hypertrophic response is associated with the ultimate development of contractile dysfunction and heart failure, the response is considered pathological. If the heart fully adapts to the new loading condition, the hypertrophic response is considered physiological. The nature of the workload increase may vary depending on the stimulus (repetitive, chronic, pressure, or volume overload). Cardiac hypertrophy is a stereotypic response of the heart to increased workload. ![]()
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